The Mystery of the Dune Font
Putting a name to the typeface that defined the visual identity of the science fiction series and its author, Frank Herbert
In the six decades since the publication of the original Dune novel in 1965, the science fiction franchise has gone through many different typographic identities. Notable examples include the use of Giorgio for the British paperbacks by NEL (c. 1968) and Albertus for David Lynch’s movie adaptation (1984). But another typeface has even stronger ties to Dune and its author. It appeared on the covers of dozens of books, including the classic Dune trilogy and its sequels, and also on other titles by – or about – Frank Herbert, from various imprints. Strangely enough, the name of this typeface is barely known even among die-hard fans.
Davison Art Nouveau was drawn by lettering artist Meyer M. “Dave” Davison for Photo-Lettering (PLINC), a typesetting company in New York City. It was first shown in PLINC’s 1967 Alphabet Yearbook. Basically a bold all-caps roman with long bracketed serifs, Davison Art Nouveau comes in three variants of increasing ornamentation: Art Nouveau with Flourishes, Modified, and Ornate.
Each variant includes additional alternates, some of which sport swashes, fox tail extensions, and curlicues that reach above and below the line. Depending on which glyphs are selected, the look of words set in Davison Art Nouveau ranges from sober to discreetly flowery to full-blown carnivalesque. That’s one reason this face isn’t easy to track down – it can take on so many different appearances. The other reason is that it was exclusive to PLINC. And PLINC was a service provider, not a font retailer. You couldn’t buy or license a copy of Art Nouveau. If you wanted to have some text set in this font, you had to place an order at their Manhattan office at 216 East 45th Street, in person or by phone or post.
The liaison between Dune and Davison Art Nouveau started in September 1975, when the typeface was used by Berkley Medallion for a paperback edition of the first two novels. At the time, the Berkley imprint was owned by New York-based publisher G.P. Putnam’s Sons. When Berkley Putnam published the first hardcover edition of the third novel, Children of Dune, in 1976, the new typographic identity was applied there, too. Later on, Putnam used the typeface on the jackets for hardback editions of other, unrelated books authored (or coauthored) by Frank Herbert.
After Berkley acquired Ace Books in 1982, Ace took over as Putnam’s publisher for science fiction paperbacks. During this period, some of Herbert’s books also appeared under the Del Rey imprint. Despite the change in imprints, though, the link between Herbert and Art Nouveau lasted – that is, until around 1988. Such “author branding” was rather common, especially with science fiction and fantasy writers. Other examples on Fonts In Use include Roslyn Gothic for Philip K. Dick, Dynamo and Corporate for Arthur C. Clarke, and Pipeline for Robert Heinlein.
The uncredited typographer worked with the Modified variant – at least that’s what the A with curved bar and the E with curling middle bar shown in the limited typeface samples I’ve been able to compare suggest. The letterforms were used with varying degrees of condensation, something that was easily done with phototype. Given that Art Nouveau came with so many alternates, its use for Dune and beyond is impressively consistent. Across the dozens of applications, only a handful of variant glyphs were employed: see for example the two forms for A, one of them with a right stem that curves inward; the R with the curling terminal for “Trilogy” versus the one in “Frank Herbert” on the box set below; or the S with and without ball terminal at the top.
Right from the start, Friz Quadrata was introduced as the supporting typeface, a choice that was maintained for most of the following books.
This post showcases a considerable number of book covers and jackets featuring Art Nouveau, more or less in chronological order, without aiming for completeness. The credit for selecting Art Nouveau probably goes to an unknown art director working at the Berkley Publishing Corporation. My research didn’t turn up any names. If you have any additional insight, please leave a comment.
Davison Art Nouveau in the digital age
Photo-Lettering, Inc. didn’t make the transition to digital typesetting and went out of business in 1997. Davison Art Nouveau disappeared together with the company and thousands of other alphabet designs. In 2003, House Industries purchased the assets. The Delaware design studio partnered with Erik van Blokland and Christian Schwartz and started digitizing a number of typefaces by PLINC, with the help of friends and colleagues. These were initially made available in 2009 via a special web service that replicated the exclusive PLINC experience for the digital age. House Industries later switched to offering them for conventional licensing. At the time of writing, Davison Art Nouveau is not among the digitized designs.
In 2009, a Dune aficionado who goes by the moniker DuneFish (DFUK) and/or MEP made a digital font called Orthodox Herbertarian, “painstakingly traced from scans of the typeface that was used on the American Ace editions […] of Dune and many other Frank Herbert books”. This amateur digitization is freely available at kullwahad.com. The font is caps only (A–Z), with a basic set of punctuation characters and scaled-down caps in the lowercase. Because it’s based on the book covers (as opposed to the original typeface), it naturally adopts the narrowed proportions. Orthodox Herbertarian is a laudable effort, but it doesn’t include any of the alternates or the numerals. In 2020, Reddit user purgruv added lowercase letters and numerals to this freebie and offered it for download as Extended Herbertarian. The additions aren’t faithful to the original and unfortunately aren’t well drawn, either.
Orthodox Herbertarian arguably covers the needs of most Dune fans. Nevertheless, I hope to see a professional, fully featured digitization of Davison Art Nouveau one day.
Thanks to B., G., and Justin Hoggard, who all suggested I write an article about this use; and to Caren Litherland for the valuable edits. Kudos to the Internet Speculative Fiction Database, which helped a lot in identifying and dating the numerous editions and printings.
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43 Comments on “The Mystery of the Dune Font”
My father, Tom Dardis, was editor-in-chief at Berkley in 1965 (until 1972). I know he cared about typefaces. I don’t know what his involvement was with the design of the original Dune.
Thank you for your comment, Tony. Tom Dardis was one of several names I came across while looking for people who might have been involved in the typeface selection and typographic design. Unfortunately, this aspect – unlike the cover art – is hardly ever credited, and it’s difficult to find out any details some fifty years later. It must have been someone who was on staff in 1975, and – assumably – in the role of an art director. Your father might have known that person.
Thank you so much for this article! I have an affection for 1960s-70s/art nouveau-crossover typography and have previously searched unsuccesfully for information about this typeface. It’s amazing to have found your article just a day after you posted it.
Orthodox Herbertarian is a good freebie, but as you say, it would be great to see a full digitization of Davison Art Nouveau.
Davison Art Nouveau is one of those faces that is so strongly associated with a specific use (typecast, you could say) that it would be difficult to use it for anything else without seeming to reference Dune or Herbert.
Also, so glad you managed to identify it. I gave up years ago.
Mark, super appreciate “typecast” there mate
Thanks, Mark. I tend to agree. Then again, the covers employed only a fraction of the typeface’s possibilities. I can imagine that Davison Art Nouveau used without stretching and with some of its other letterform variants – either the straighter ones or those with the extending flourishes – wouldn’t evoke Dune or Herbert. I found a number of other uses of Davison Art Nouveau, some of which I’ll post later, but those all predate this use, suggesting that the typeface was indeed considered “taken” for a long time. Today there are younger generations who have never seen these editions. When they hear Dune, they might rather think of the typographic design made for the 2021 film.
I have a theory about the inspiration to Davison Art Nouveau. The album cover of South of the Border by Herb Alpert’s Tijuana Brass from 1964 obviously is lettering, and predates the PLINC release from 1967. I wonder, though, whether Davison got the idea to his typeface after seeing it. Or maybe he was responsible for the album lettering himself, and refined this style into Art Nouveau a few years later?
The lettering has more than a few similarities with the typeface, from the long bracketed serifs and the “roofed” A, to the H with bulging crossbar. There are also swashy extensions. Most strikingly, O and D have that bulb-shaped “internal terminal”. In the album lettering, this feature is flipped compared to Art Nouveau – the bulb there sits south of the center. The image below shows a detail of the cover, compared to selected glyphs from Davison Art Nouveau.
The cover design is credited to Apple Graphics, a company that worked on several dozen albums between around 1964 and 1971, often in collaboration with art director Peter Whorf.
Mark, I recall your blog post about this record cover, where you speculated whether the lettering might be by Ed Benguiat – Benguiat would have overseen Davison Art Nouveau in his role as PLINC’s typographic design director.
There is one outlier among the covers I didn’t include: Berkley’s editions of The Santaroga Barrier (1968) published between 1978 and 1985 use Davison Art Nouveau with various alternates. Not only that, they are here even used side by side. We get to see two forms for A, B, E, and R, plus a descending S that didn’t appear on other books by Herbert, as far as I can tell.
This is kismet. First off, you published this on my birthday. Secondly, I’m working on a Dune related art project and I’ve tried using Orthodox Herbertarian and while it is lovely, it just doesn’t work for text. Out of that frustration I just did a search that led me here. I am quite positive I have seen either the alternate versions of Davison with the swoopy serifs on 70s album covers… or I’ve seen an actual Art Nouveau typeface that inspired it. I’m digging through my art books now (in the middle of the night) seeing if I can stumble upon that reference. This is very exciting!
Ahhh! Just scrolled down and saw Rod McKuen! Of course! His books are a great reference for an italicized version!
I’ve found some potential references in Nouveau poster art. “La Passion” by Alphonse Mucha features a very similar serif typeface, and usefully has 16 lowercase letters. It is skinny more like the book covers than the blockier Davison typeface. Secondly, in his poster art, Jules Chéret often used similar hand drawn letterforms in a looser style, with many examples of lowercase letters. Another example is a poster for Cognac J. Dupond & Co. by V. Bocchino with the ascender on the N like one of the variant types.
For modern typefaces, I found that Baylac designed by Gérard Mariscalchi in 2006 has a similar feel. And the lowercase letters do resemble those of Jules Chéret’s posters. It is a licensed font so I would not propose anyone steal from it, but it shows proof of concept for a lowercase for Davison Art Nouveau. The book and album covers you have assembled should be enough to begin reconstructing the type, but just how many variant letters are there? Over half a dozen A’s alone!
The Rod McKuen book reminded me that Lonesome Cities also used the same skinny italicized version of Davison. Although sadly, his album Rod McKuen Takes a San Franscisco Hippie Trip does not.
Patreeko, thanks for your comments. Happy to hear you like the article.
Yes, Davison Art Nouveau (or Orthodox Herbertarian, for that matter) is a display typeface by all means. As a bold all-caps face, it shouldn’t be used for text, even without swashes. The designers of the covers shown above were aware that it only works in large sizes, and used Friz Quadrata for smaller lines (I wouldn’t call those “text” in the narrow sense, and Friz Quadrata isn’t a text typeface either).
The type used on the Rod McKuen cover is not a proper italic – Davison Art Nouveau didn’t have an italic style – but simply a slanted version, with all the downsides that such a treatment entails. I find it rather ugly, and wouldn’t use it as a reference for an italic.
You mentioned Mucha’s “La Passion” and Bocchino’s poster for J. Dupont & Co. These works from the Art Nouveau period feature seriffed letterforms, but that’s about where the similarities end. In both examples, the serifs are small (“flare serifs“) and the stroke contrast – the difference between thicks and thins – is barely noticeable. Davison Art Nouveau has pretty long serifs and a distinct contrast. I appreciate your effort to find possible precursors, but I’d argue that there are plenty of typefaces that come closer to these examples than Davison Art Nouveau does.
I don’t think that Dave Davison based his design on works from around 1900. Maybe he found inspiration for some details like the curved and curling crossbars in period designs. However, the basic design – shown in the first line of the specimen – minus the flourishes doesn’t strike me as particularly Art Nouveau-ish.
As I mentioned, the original PLINC assets were acquired by House Industries. These probably also include the plate(s) for Davison Art Nouveau, complete with all alternates and extras. Instead of reverse-engineering the typeface from limited and distorted samples, I’d recommend to ask House Industries if they intend to digitize Art Nouveau. If they don’t, they might be open to let someone else have a go at it, and provide the source material. Of course it’s also possible to draw an interpretation without their blessing, but I believe the right way to approach such revivals is to talk to the IP owner.
Thank you for the response. For the Mucha poster, my focus was more on the text at the bottom. And I wasn’t implying that this is a direct reference, more that it shows how the letter have been modified from the plain Roman style to these “Nouveau” styles and to give some indication of generally how lowercase letters could look. The A, E and H in “Jean Sebastian Bach” especially have similar modifications as some of the variant letters. If Davison originally never designed lowercase letters, then even an official digitization would likely still lack them. I also wonder if an official version would bother with all of the wild variant letters? Or with a true italics?
For my own project I had thought about taking Orthodox Herbertarian as a reference point for generating a thinner font that could actually be used for text, or at least for titles smaller than an inch tall. It would be something in the same “family” but be more appropriate for wider use cases. The wide variety of variants really give some fodder for the imagination!
I realised from the dates in this article that I was reading most of Frank Herbert’s books when they were first published, … because I read every paperback that the public library put in its Science Fiction section.
What about this one?
It has some cool notan play…
Yep, that one was covered in the first Dune-related post on Fonts In Use, thanks to Brian Phillips.
First edition/First printing dust jacket for Frank Herbert’s Dune, Philadelphia/New York: Chilton Books, a division of Chilton Company, 1965
The image is taken from nocloo.com’s First Edition Identification Guide.
Hi Pablo, right, that’s another iconic style associated with Dune. I didn’t add it to Fonts In Use, as the title doesn’t use a font, but is custom lettering. The author name is in Futura Extra Bold Condensed Italic and the flap text in Futura, but that’s not very interesting, typography-wise. I’d love to know who did the reverse-contrast lettering, though. I doubt it’s by John Schoenherr who’s credited for the cover art.
I’m not aware of any fonts that come particularly close. Crayonette DJR is in the same ballpark, but has neither joined letters nor such dramatic caps.
The swashed variant of Newsagent (Beasts of England, 2022) is a contemporary typeface that has a similarly floral feel as Davison Art Nouveau:
I recently ran into someone wearing this hoodie. The shapes of the letters are more like the Friend & Lover drawn letters without true serifs, but the E and F look very much like Davison Art Nouveau. The swashes resemble the ones on the Better Homes & Gardens cover, but curved instead of straight.
The “Perfect Day IPA” uses a typeface named Wonderbar 2. It was designed by Dennis Ludlow in 2020. Wonderbar 2 is bolder and has hardly any thick-thin contrast, but yes, the curling middle bars and the swashiness are traits it has in common with Davison art Nouveau.
I found this on a friend’s bookshelf a few years ago – if I remember correctly this edition was from around 1967; at least it predated the usage on the Dune covers, which surprised me because at the time I was under the impression that the Dune typography had been created for those books specifically.
Thank you, Magnus! Yes, it looks like this jacket design is indeed from 1967 – the year that the typeface was released. In the meantime, we came across a number of uses that predate the Dune books. In fact, most of them are from before 1975. I can do a dedicated post about the Dunninger book.
I get a feeling there may or may not be a glyph set in the back of Alphabet Thesaurus Vol. 2, I remember when I went to a local library that had the PLINC books that they were all back there, but I didn’t get a picture at the time and I don’t have time to go back to that library.
No, there is no glyph set for Davison Art Nouveau in Alphabet Thesaurus, Vol. 2: this catalog was published in 1965, but the typeface was added to Photo-Lettering’s library only in 1967. Vol. 3 from 1971 doesn’t include any glyph sets.
I just checked, and it’s not in Vol. 2. The alphabet numbers for the three alphabets listed in the “Index to Alphabet Thesaurus Vol. 3, 2, 1” that I have are 5554–5556. Vol. 2 only goes up to alphabet number 5449.
… So it must be from Vol. 3
Thank you for the detailed article! The font just fits so well with the series.
Hey so I noticed that in the back of the Alphabet Thesaurus Vol 2 they have the glyphsets of a lot of the fonts. Is a glyphset for Davison Art Nouveau back there?
Ah! Apologies, seems I already sent that comment before and I forgot. I came back because I’m making my own revival out of boredom. I’m on my school PC so I can’t use my home account right now.
Awesome! When its gonna be finished?
UPDATE: yeah this got big really fast. i still don’t think i’m halfway there even
You just need to add numbers, punctuation and you’re done.
Also, two years earlier, I’ve tried to digitize Art Nouveau, but it was later scrapped because I didn’t find all the glyphs.
There are always more glyphs to make :-) so don’t worry about finding them, make your own!
Good advice.
I actually finished digitizing my own version back in the summer. I had intended to upload here but got distracted with other projects. I did run into some issues trying to package my work into a font and when I recently went to work on it, the files I was working from became corrupted. So now I have to go back and rebuild them from an earlier version. I know better, but mistakes were made!
Anyway, my approach was to build new letters following consistent internal rules rather than slavishily copy the exact letterforms that Davidson created. Using those rules I was able to fill in the missing letters for the several variants shown, including a completed Roman set. I also created my own lower-case letters, thin variants, and italics versions of everything. My goal was to create something legible and flexible for different mediums.
Here are two of my sample images:
HOLY COW that’s awesome. Can I like… email you to inquire this? I love it a lot.
Good! :-)
Good results too.
Thank you! I put many long nights into it! I’m listing my Instagram art page as my website, you can reach me through there.
Holy of history this is great!
Oh! also, I stopped into a revival called Sandana made by The Jigsaw Foundry.
The Jigsaw Foundry is the label of Quinn Davis, see his comments above. His revival and expansion is still in progress, but already available. Sandana adds a lowercase and is available for free under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license.