DIN 1451 Mittelschrift and Engschrift are the officially regulated typefaces used for all forms of public wayfinding and traffic signs in Vietnam. The fonts are modified versions referred to as “giaothong1” (Mittelschrift) and “giaothong2” (Engschrift) which adds support for Vietnamese characters. While exact dates aren’t given and documents are scarce, what research I was able to do would peg its standardization to around the 2010s, though it could be way earlier.
One rarely comes across signs that use other, non-regulated typefaces. The most common ones I’ve seen use some variations of Helvetica, Univers, and Times New Roman. There are many reasons as to why these oddballs exist, but it mainly boils down to either locally made signs or ones that predate the standardization. There is about a 50/50 chance these will get replaced eventually.